During times of social upheaval, poetry has often given voice to those whose perspectives are suppressed or marginalized. In the United States, the Harlem Renaissance of the 1920s and 1930s is one striking example. Amid the pervasive racial discrimination and segregation of the time, Black poets like Langston Hughes, Claude McKay, and Countee Cullen used their work to assert cultural pride, challenge stereotypes, and articulate the struggles and aspirations of African Americans. Hughes’s poem I, Too resonates as a powerful declaration of equality, demanding recognition and respect in a society that often denied Black Americans their full humanity. Poetry from the Harlem Renaissance was revolutionary in both content and form, using jazz-inspired rhythms and culturally rich language to build a foundation for later movements, including the Civil Rights Movement.

The Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and 1960s also saw poetry as a central means of resistance and solidarity. Poets like Maya Angelou, Gwendolyn Brooks, and Amiri Baraka offered vivid accounts of racial injustice, while also celebrating Black identity and resilience. Angelou’s Still I Rise, for example, is an anthem of defiance against oppression, speaking directly to the strength and persistence of Black communities in the face of adversity. Baraka’s politically charged poems provided an unapologetic critique of systemic racism and white supremacy, adding urgency and intensity to the movement. The words of these poets not only served as a rallying cry but also fostered a sense of unity and empowerment among readers, strengthening their resolve to continue fighting for equality and justice.

In South Africa, poetry played an equally pivotal role during the anti-apartheid struggle. Poets such as Dennis Brutus and Keorapetse Kgositsile used their work to expose the brutal realities of apartheid and give voice to the oppressed. Brutus, whose poetry often depicted the violence and dehumanization of apartheid, was jailed and exiled for his activism, but he continued to write about the struggles of his people. Kgositsile’s work urged solidarity among Black South Africans and connected their experiences to global struggles for freedom and justice, demonstrating poetry’s power to unite and inspire people across borders. These poets conveyed both the pain of oppression and the enduring hope for liberation, giving their communities a sense of purpose and connection that transcended political boundaries.

In the feminist movement, poetry has similarly served as a means of articulating resistance and advocating for change. The 1960s and 1970s saw a wave of feminist poets, including Adrienne Rich, Audre Lorde, and Sylvia Plath, who used poetry to challenge patriarchal norms, address personal and systemic oppression, and explore women’s unique experiences. Lorde’s powerful poem A Litany for Survival explores themes of fear, resilience, and identity, capturing the struggles of those who live at the intersections of race, gender, and sexuality. Rich’s Diving into the Wreck delves into themes of self-discovery and the reclamation of women’s narratives, symbolizing the feminist quest for autonomy and agency. These poems gave voice to deeply personal experiences, connecting individual stories to broader social issues and inspiring women to question and redefine their roles in society.

Poetry also played a transformative role in anti-war movements, particularly during the Vietnam War. Poets like Denise Levertov, Allen Ginsberg, and Yusef Komunyakaa used verse to criticize government policies and portray the devastation of war. Ginsberg’s Howl became a countercultural anthem, capturing the disillusionment and anger of a generation questioning authority and social norms. Levertov, through poems like Life at War, depicted the physical and psychological toll of conflict, urging readers to confront the human cost of violence. These anti-war poets bridged the gap between political discourse and personal experience, providing an emotional context that statistics and news coverage could not. Through their words, they inspired a wave of activism and brought the horrors of war to a public that was often shielded from its realities.

In recent years, poetry has continued to play a crucial role in social movements, from Black Lives Matter to LGBTQ+ rights and climate activism. Spoken word and slam poetry, in particular, have become powerful platforms for marginalized voices. Poets like Danez Smith, whose work often addresses issues of race, sexuality, and police violence, have used the immediacy and emotion of spoken word to engage audiences and call attention to injustices. The rise of digital platforms has further amplified these voices, allowing poets to reach a global audience and create a sense of solidarity across borders. Climate activism has also embraced poetry, with poets like Kathy Jetñil-Kijiner from the Marshall Islands using their work to highlight the impacts of climate change on vulnerable communities and demand urgent action. Her poem Dear Matafele Peinam, performed at the United Nations Climate Summit, became a powerful reminder of the human stakes of environmental degradation, galvanizing both empathy and action.

At its core, poetry distills complex emotions and ideas into accessible, memorable language, making it an ideal medium for social movements. Its brevity and rhythm allow it to capture the essence of a movement, making it easily shared, repeated, and remembered. Whether written on posters, recited at rallies, or shared on social media, poems have the power to mobilize people by conveying a movement’s urgency and humanity in just a few lines. This power to evoke emotion and prompt reflection allows poetry to resonate with readers and listeners, uniting them in a shared vision for a better future.

In summary, poetry has been a constant companion to social movements throughout history, helping to articulate resistance, mobilize communities, and inspire change. From the Harlem Renaissance to contemporary climate activism, poetry’s role in social movements has been essential in connecting personal and collective experiences, fostering empathy, and challenging oppressive systems. Through its ability to convey deep emotions and universal truths, poetry continues to give voice to those who demand justice, acting as a powerful reminder of our shared humanity and our ongoing quest for a fairer, more inclusive world.